EXTRAPYRAMIDAL SIDE EFFECTS (EPS) Blockage of D2 receptors in the midbrain region of the brain stem is responsible for the development of EPS.
Acute Dystonia – symptoms include acute muscular rigidity; cramping; a stiff or thick tongue with difficulty swallowing; laryngospasm and respiratory difficulty; torticollis or twisted head and neck; opisthotonus or tightness in the entire body with the head back and an arched neck; oculogyric or the eyes rolled back in a locked position.
Akathisia – intense need to move about; symptoms are restlessness; agitation; rigid posture or gait; lack of spontaneous gestures; inability to sit still or rest.
Pseudoparkinsonism – stiff, stooped posture; masklike facies; decreased arm swing; shuffling; small steps; drooling; coarse pill-rolling movement of the thumb at rest; cogwheel rigidity; tremor
NEUROLEPTIC MALIGNANT SYNDROME (NMS)
This is serious and fatal idiosyncratic reaction to neuroleptic drugs. Patients might experience rigidity,high fever, unstable blood pressure, diaphoresis, pallor, delirium and elevated levels of enzymes (CPK).
TARDIVE DYSKINESIA (TD)
Permanent, involuntary movements caused by long term use of antipsychotic drugs. The symptoms include involuntary movements of the arms, legs, tongue, and fingers. There are lip-smacking, blinking, thrusting, and grimacing.
ANTICHOLINERGIC SIDE EFFECTS
This includes orthostatic hypotension, constipation, dry eyes, dry mouth, photophobia, blurred vision, nasal congestion, urinary hesitance or retention, decreased memory and sudden changes in blood pressure.
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